Paramilitary organization affiliated with the Nazi Party. The SA (Sturmabteilung, also known as Stormtroopers and Brown Shirts) was instrumental in Hitler’s rise to power between 1923-1934. The SA used violence to intimidate and terrorize perceived enemies of Nazism.
The Bolsheviks were a Russian revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks took power and became known as the Russian Communist Party.
White Russia is the literal translation of Belaya Rus’, today known as Belarus. The eastern European country is located between Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.
Describes a gradual process, beginning in the 18th Century, to remove restrictions imposed on Jewish populations in various European countries. Jews were often required to live in segregated communities and had limited civil rights prior to their emancipation, which occurred at different times depending on their country of residence. Jews living in Germany were emancipated—meaning they became equal citizens before the law—in 1871, but still faced discrimination.
A lethal gas derived from pesticides that was used to murder Jews during the Holocaust. Zyklon B was only used at the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center; the other killing centers at Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Majdanek employed carbon monoxide gas.