Restriction of Jews from professions
Nazi laws restrict Jews from employment in numerous professions, including: book-keeping, real estate, money-lending, and tour-guiding.
Registration of Jewish-owned businesses
Businesses owned in whole or in part by those defined as Jews under the Nuremberg Race Laws must register, which allows for the further expropriation of Jewish property by the Nazis.
Rome-Berlin Axis Agreement
Italy, under fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, concludes an alliance with Germany's Hitler. Mussolini later issues anti-Jewish legislation and enforces persecution of Italian Jewish community.
Nuremberg Race Laws passed
The "[glossary_exclude]Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor[/glossary_exclude]" and the "[glossary_exclude]Reich Citizenship Law[/glossary_exclude]"--known collectively as the Nuremberg Race Laws--prohibit marriage between Germans and Jews, and strip Jews of many civil rights, relegating them to second-class citizenship. Inspired by Jim Crow-era laws imposing racial segregation and prohibiting interracial marriage in the United States, these laws are later extended to the Roma people and to Black individuals.
Jewish population in Germany is c. 523,000
The c. 523,000 Jews living in Germany at the beginning of 1933 make up less-than 0.75% of the country's total population (67 million). Approximately 80% hold German citizenship; the next largest group are Polish citizens, many of whom are permanent residents of or were born in Germany. Some 70% of the Jewish population in Germany lives in urban areas; the largest community (c. 160,000 people) is in Berlin.