This movement aimed to introduce changes to traditional Jewish practice in order to "modernize" Judaism. For example, Reform Judaism allowed men and women to sit together in synagogue, permitted musical instruments to be used in worship, and altered prayers and other rites.
A non-aggression pact negotiated by Germany and the Soviet Union on August 23, 1939 and often referred to as the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact after its chief negotiators. In a secret addendum to this agreement, eastern Europe was divided between the Nazi and Soviet powers. In September 1939, Germany and the U.S.S.R. invaded and partitioned Poland.
In traditional Judaism, a minyan refers to the quorum of ten men required to be present to recite certain prayers.
Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany required Jews to wear specific, identifying badges. Badges took several different forms, but all were designed to identify and segregate Jews from the rest of the population in order to facilitate their persecution.
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German word translated literally as "free of Jews." The term "judenrein" was used by the Nazis to designate areas in which the Jewish population had been eliminated, through expulsion, deportation, or murder.